THE EFFECT OF THE ADAPTIVE FREESTYLE SWIMMING LEARNING MODEL ON INCREASING SELF-CONFIDENCE IN VISUAL IMPAIRMENT STUDENTS

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of the adaptive freestyle swimming learning model on increasing self-confidence in visual impairment students. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design in the form of a one-group pretest-posttest design. The process validation instrument included experts in disability sports, adaptive physical education, educational psychology, and educational evaluation. A total of 46 respondents participated in the instrument validity and reliability testing phase, while 8 visual impairment students participated in the treatment phase. The research instrument consisted of a self-confidence questionnaire using a 5-level Likert scale. Construct validity was tested using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, while reliability testing using Cronbach's Alpha showed high reliability (α = 0.913). The learning program was implemented over 18 sessions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test and a paired-sample t-test using IBM SPSS Statistics. The results showed a significant increase in student self-confidence after the treatment (p < 0.05). The average N-Gain value for self-confidence (0.396) was in the moderate category. These findings indicate that the adaptive freestyle swimming learning model is quite effective in increasing the self-confidence of students with visual impairments. This study emphasizes the importance of a structured, adaptive, physical education program in supporting the psychological development of students with disabilities.