Analysis of the First-Phase Implementation of Mandatory Halal Certification for Micro and Small Enterprises in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review (2019–2025)

Abstract

This study analyzes the implementation of the first phase of mandatory halal certification for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Indonesia, which applies to food and beverage products and their related materials during the period from October 17, 2019, to October 17, 2024. Against the backdrop of a significant gap between the national target of 10 million certified MSEs products and the actual achievement of approximately 1.2 million products by December 2023, this research adopts a qualitative approach through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The analysis identifies three main themes: (1) institutional capacity (inter-agency coordination, availability of halal auditors, service infrastructure, and regulatory effectiveness), (2) MSE compliance and participation (halal literacy, access to certification financing, and support from halal facilitators/LP3H), and (3) synergy within the halal economic ecosystem (linkages between certification and domestic/export market opportunities). The findings highlight that institutional capacity and regional disparities remain the main obstacles, revealing a paradox between progressive policies (digitalization, self-declaration, and free/subsidized programs) and uneven local readiness and digital literacy among MSEs. Drawing on policy implementation theory and institutional capacity theory, the study explains the relationship between policy communication, resources, implementer disposition, and bureaucratic structure in determining MSE compliance levels. The recommendations emphasize strengthening BPJPH and regional institutional capacities, promoting community-based halal literacy programs, and developing inclusive digital facilitation mechanisms. This study contributes to the latest thematic mapping, enhances the dialogue between theory and policy, and proposes an agenda for future post-2024 research on Indonesia’s halal certification policy.