Determination of the Effectiveness of Digital-Based PPG: A Systematic Literature Review of Pedagogical Contributions, Learning Materials, and Infrastructure through Quality Learning Processes

Abstract

The digitalization of the Teacher Professional Education (PPG) Program requires pedagogical readiness, quality learning materials, and infrastructure support to maintain program effectiveness. However, empirical evidence related to the determinants of the effectiveness of digital-based PPG is still scattered and has not been systematically synthesized, particularly regarding the role of quality learning processes as a link between variables. This article aims to examine the determinants of the effectiveness of digital-based PPG through a systematic literature review (SLR) with a focus on the contribution of pedagogical competence, learning materials, and infrastructure through a quality learning process. The SLR was conducted following the PRISMA stages: formulation of research questions, literature searches in academic databases/search engines, study selection with inclusion-exclusion criteria, article quality assessment, and thematic synthesis. The results of the study show three main findings. First, pedagogical competence (especially digital pedagogy) influences effectiveness through active learning design, facilitation of interaction, provision of formative feedback, and management of online assessments. Second, the quality of learning materials determines engagement and understanding through the appropriateness of outcomes, clarity of structure, interactivity, and integration of assignments and assessments. Third, infrastructure (device access, connectivity, LMS, and technical support) is a prerequisite for sustainable learning and moderates process outcomes. Consistently, these three factors have the strongest impact when realized in a quality learning process that is collaborative, reflective, and data-driven. The study's implications emphasize strengthening digital pedagogical capacity, standardizing content quality, and investing in infrastructure and supporting services for the sustainable effectiveness of digital PPG.